![]() Most of the signs and symptoms persist throughout life, although episodes of cataplexy may become less frequent with age and treatment.\n\nNarcolepsy also affects nighttime sleep. Some people with narcolepsy have all of the major features of the disorder, while others have only one or two. Most of the signs and symptoms persist throughout life, although episodes of cataplexy may become less frequent with age and treatment. The combination of hallucinations, vivid dreams, and sleep paralysis is often frightening and unpleasant for affected individuals.\n\nSome people with narcolepsy have all of the major features of the disorder, while others have only one or two. Many people with narcolepsy also experience sleep paralysis, which is an inability to move or speak for a short period while falling asleep or awakening. Affected individuals often have realistic and distressing dreams, and they may act out their dreams by moving excessively or talking in their sleep. They often experience vivid hallucinations while falling asleep (hypnogogic hallucinations) or while waking up (hypnopompic hallucinations). Most affected individuals have trouble sleeping for more than a few hours at night. However, some do not, which has led researchers to distinguish two major forms of the condition: narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy.\n\nNarcolepsy also affects nighttime sleep. Most people diagnosed with narcolepsy also have cataplexy. Episodes of cataplexy usually last just a few seconds, and they may occur from several times a day to a few times a year. These episodes of muscle weakness can cause an affected person to slump over or fall, which occasionally leads to injury. They last from a few seconds to a few minutes and often lead to a longer nap, after which affected individuals wake up feeling refreshed.\n\nAnother common feature of narcolepsy is cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone in response to strong emotion (such as laughing, surprise, or anger). "Sleep attacks" can occur at unusual times, such as during a meal or in the middle of a conversation. Affected individuals feel tired during the day, and several times a day they may experience an overwhelming urge to sleep. Although this condition can appear at any age, it most often begins in adolescence.\n\nNarcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the normal sleep-wake cycle. Resistance to narcolepsy is associated with minor alleles of a SNP and a marker in the NLC1A gene (610259) on chromosome 21q22. NRCLP7 (614250) is caused by mutation in the MOG gene (159465) on chromosome 6p22. Familial cases are the exception rather than the rule, and monozygotic twins show only partial concordance (25 to 31%) (Mignot, 1998). Most human cases of narcolepsy are sporadic and carry a specific HLA haplotype (Peyron et al., 2000). In contrast to animal models, human narcolepsy is not a simple genetic disorder. Unlike normal sleep, that of narcolepsy often begins with REM activity and the time taken to fall asleep is shorter than normal. The normal physiologic components of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, dreaming and loss of muscle tone, are separated and also occur while the subject is awake, resulting in half-sleep dreams and episodes of skeletal muscle paralysis and atonia (cataplexy and sleep paralysis). It is a sleep disorder characterized by attacks of disabling daytime drowsiness and low alertness. Adie (1926) first delineated narcolepsy as a separate and specific entity.
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